HDL-C measures cholesterol carried by HDL particles, not directly their cholesterol-removal or anti-inflammatory functions. Studies discussed in the article show that concentration and function can diverge with high blood glucose, inflammation and impaired kidney function. A high value therefore does not justify ignoring other cardiovascular risks or simply aiming to raise the number. Regular activity and management of glucose, blood pressure and other risk factors matter together; changes in laboratory function markers do not themselves prove fewer heart-disease events.