As Canada’s Lawful Access Act, Bill C-22, moved from the House of Commons to Senate consideration, the EFF highlighted CCLA opposition and criticized expanded surveillance powers. Disputes concern technical assistance by providers, metadata retention for up to one year, encryption and cross-border information sharing. Critics question whether the condition against introducing systemic insecurity offers adequate protection. These are civil-liberties interpretations and concerns about a bill, not an already effective general surveillance mandate or a final constitutional ruling.