The RAMBO study released in 2024 generated radio signals through memory activity on an already infected, air-gapped PC and recovered information with an external receiver. The paper reported up to 1,000 bits per second. Follow-up reporting described fast transmission at about 3 meters and slower transmission at up to 7 meters; those maxima were not achieved together. The work illustrates risks to small secrets rather than practical bulk transfers, supporting physical access controls, removable-media management, and consideration of electromagnetic shielding.
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RAMBO's 2024 study demonstrates data leakage through RAM emissions
Network isolation alone is insufficient; the attack still requires prior compromise and a nearby receiver.